Vulliamy essay 2 - 1174 Words

Iridian Lozano English 1302.19 Dr. Rathbun 21 October 2014 For Kudos and Other Reasons I partially agree with the author of â€Å"Killing for Kudos† because on one hand, I agree that the violence in Mexico is absurd but on the other hand I disagree that there is no reason for the violence. I have family in Mexico and I am aware of the violence that is happening right on my back yard. All the violent massacres, I believe are uncalled for, but the cartels see it as a necessity in order to get a hold of territory. The ways they do their killings have gone too far and it’s disgusting how they consider it an entertainment. The article â€Å"Killing for Kudos – the brutal face of Mexico’s 21st Century war† by Ed Vulliamy reports the violence, massacres†¦show more content†¦For the past decade my family single handedly experienced how violent the Mexican drug war is. We could no longer visit our grandparents or my favorite uncle in Reynosa. On a trip to Reynosa, in broad daylight, a â€Å"Mexican transit officer† claimed we had gone over the speed limit and stopped us. He blatantly asked for a Mordida to let us go and not give us a ticket, however my father wanted the ticket because he didn’t want to give away any money to somebody who claimed to be an official. We were scared when he started to threaten he would take us to higher authority if we didn’t give him the money. My father then gave him 150 pesos claiming that was what we had and to just let us through. Another way we experienced the violence was when my deceased aunt, Delia was shot and killed during one of the army and drug cartel fights. She was driving in Matamoros to the store with her friend and their kids, when trucks intercepted the road and started firing at each other. My aunt, Delia instantly died when one of those bullets went through her brain. She was another victim of the cartel’s casualties. Vulliamy determines that the violence in Mexico is for nothing and that â€Å"the  ­violence revolves around the smaller profits of the domestic market and street corner† it is not â€Å"over money and the drug smuggling routes†. I beg to differ. It’s a little bit of each. It’s a struggle for territory, control of the drug routes and local businesses. A territory mostShow MoreRelatedIdentify a Policy and Evaluate Its Impacts on Your Practice, Reflecting on the Effect the Policy Has on Outcomes for Children and Young People.5815 Words   |  24 Pages‘Identify a policy and evaluate its impact on your practice, reflecting on the effect the policy has on outcomes for children and young people’ This essay will consider the policy of Inclusion, from a national and localised perspective, providing an appropriate understanding of policy and legislation, giving clear guidance of its evolution and relevance to practice. On researching policy and legislation through the decades there will be analysis of the way political and philosophical principlesRead MoreDeveloping Effective Research Proposals49428 Words   |  198 Pagesqualitative data 1.2.3 Relaxing the quantitative–qualitative distinction 1.2.4 Social science and social science areas 1.2.5 Relationship of this book to Introduction to Social Research 1.3 A view of research 1.4 Outline of chapters 1.5 Review concepts Notes 2 The Proposal – Readers, Expectations and Functions 2.1 What is a research proposal? 2.2 Readers and expectations 2.3 Functions and purpose of the proposal 2.4 Pre-structured versus unfolding research 2.5 The research proposal as a plan 2.6 Research questions

International Adoption Essay - 1791 Words

The necessity of adoption in the world is astounding. Currently, there is an estimated 143 million orphans worldwide (Wingert, vol.151). As of 2007, there were 513,000 children living in foster care within the United States alone (Rousseau 21:14). International adoption in the United States was jumpstarted post World War II as a way of helping those children who were left homeless, after war had taken their parents. Although there are thousands of healthy children awaiting adoption in the United States, several American couples still turn to foreign adoption when seeking potential children. Americans often fail to realize the need for intervention within their own country and their duty to take care of domestic affairs before venturing to†¦show more content†¦Children who are pulled out of their normal environment and inserted into different surroundings face an identity crisis due to the importance of identity in determining who one truly is. In a study, Trolly, Wallin, an d Hansen discovered that fewer than fifty percent of the parents of foreign children felt that their children were only somewhat aware of their birth culture (Hollingsworth 48:209). These children lack a sense of who they really are and later in life will become confused on why they differ from their new families. Though it is often a painful topic that parents choose not to bring up, it is important that children understand their background because it results in a better quality of life. However, the prevalence of â€Å"cultural socializations† was low amongst Caucasian families who adopted Asian children (Deater-Deckard, Johnston, Petrill, Saltsman, and Swim 56:390). It is made clear that Westerners lack the cultural knowledge necessary to properly educate their internationally adopted children about the culture the children come from. This can result in a variety of psychological implications due to the significant effect of identity on the health of people of color (Deate r-Deckard, Johnston, Petrill, Saltsman, and Swim 56:390). These implications tend to be internalized rather than externalized. In the same study, Chinese adoptees displayed the possibility of behavior such as hyperactivity, aggression,Show MoreRelatedInternational Adoption Essays1129 Words   |  5 Pagesconditions are worse for orphans overseas, but I still believe that International Adoption should be banned because it cost substantially less to adopt domestically, there are numerous orphans here in America needing a home and family, and its very hard on a child when he or she is asked move to America and have to adapt to a completely different society. One of the many things people don’t realize when they think of international adoption is the cost or debt it could put them in. It is on average doubleRead MoreInternational Adoption Crisis Should Not Be A Viable Adoption1257 Words   |  6 PagesInternational Adoption Crisis The image of an American family has changed dramatically over the last fifty years. American families are no longer modeled after the Cleavers. International adoption has contributed to this changing family view, bringing in children who are not biologically related to their parents and often of a different race. This new American image has helped eliminate race related issues. So, what is the controversy with international adoption? Children are the future of a country;Read MoreAdoption, Domestic And International Adoption Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pageschildren, but what are other options? Adoption gets helpless children out of the foster care system, but having their own child gives them a better connection. Three reasons why parents should adopt is because it helps get kids out of foster care, adopted families have all the same rights as families formed from birth, and adopting a child helps parents start a family if they can’t get pregnant. Although some people think th at having their own child is better, adoption is better because it gives childrenRead MoreInternational Adoption Should Not Be A Viable Adoption Source1233 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Cleavers. International adoption has contributed to this changing family view, bringing in children who are not biologically related to their parents and often of a different race. This new American image has helped to reduce race related issues. Children are the future of a country. If a country is losing their children to international adoption; the county is losing the gifts and talents that are irreplaceable in those children. Intercountry adoption should not be a viable adoption source becauseRead More International Adoption Essay example1739 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Adoption      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When a mission team from south Florida arrived in Camp Haitia, they saw what to them was the most poverty stricken land on earth. Some of the men were literally ill at the sight of the filth in the rivers, on the land, and covering the children. Because Haiti is one of the poorest nations in the world, families do not even have enough to provide for their children, and many of them are left to fend for themselves. The mission team witnessed them bathing in pollutedRead MoreInternational Adoptions Essay670 Words   |  3 PagesINTRODUCTION The number of international adoptions taking place in the United States is steadily increasing. Many people looking to start a family in the United States are turning to international adoptions because the process is easier than adopting within this country. However, many of these adoptive parents are not ready for the challenges of adopting a child from another country. Not only are the adoptive parents and the children at different levels of readiness to attach but the child is forcedRead MoreEssay on International Adoption5139 Words   |  21 Pagesbuckets of water have been commonplace for centuries. Now, however, as a direct result of the one-child policy, the number of baby girls being abandoned, aborted, or dumped on orphanage steps is unprecedented. Adopting Internationally Adoption is procedure by which people legally assume the role of parents for a person who is not their biological child. Adopted children become full members of their adopted family and have the same legal status as biological children. Although theRead MoreEssay International Adoption1777 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿International Adoption The  necessity  of adoption in the world is astounding. Currently, there is an estimated 143 million orphans worldwide (Wingert, vol.151). As of 2007, there were 513,000 children living in  foster care  within the United States alone (Rousseau 21:14).International adoption  in the United States was jumpstarted post World War II as a way of helping those children who were left homeless, after war had taken their parents. Although there are thousands of healthy  children awaitingRead MoreThe Genesis Of International And Intercontinental Adoption785 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper sees the sights the genesis of international or intercontinental adoption in U.S. martial intercession, predominantly the Korean War and its consequences. Keeping focus on the concealed statistics in Korean adoption research, the prostitute and her biracial kid, this article tends to recast armed camp-town in Southern Korea as the original situate of communal casualty, an essential situation that causes to be biracial children homeless and their respective Korean mothers attenuate mothersRead MoreThe Origin Of International Or Intercontinental Adoption805 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper sees the sights the origin of international or intercontinental adoption in U.S. martial intercession, mainly the Korean War and its consequences. Keeping focus on the concealed practice in Korean adoption research, the prostitute and her biracial kid, this article tends to recast armed camp town in Southern Korea as the original situate of communal casualty, a very important situation that causes to be biracial children homeless and their respective Korean mothers attenuate mothers for

Trade and the Columbian Exchange free essay sample

Exchange helped to link the Americas, Africa, and Europe, while huge international trade networks aided in shaping the world. In these trade networks, the spice, silver, slave, and sugar trades were especially important in affecting the world. The silver trade became a huge part of the world economy, and allowed Europe greater participation in East Asian commerce. Silver was central to world trade and more important than the spice trade in creating a global exchange network.Most of the silver that circulated came from the Americas, especially Photos, Bolivia. Photos became the largest city in the Americas because it was near the worlds largest silver mine. In the early modern period, Spanish America produced around 85% of the worlds silver. Spanish silver excavated from this mine was brought to Europe and used to buy African slaves and Asian goods, especially spices. The Philippines were the critical link between Spanish Americas silver and the Asian markets. We will write a custom essay sample on Trade and the Columbian Exchange or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This abundance of silver enriched the Spanish monarchy, and instead of leading to economic growth, the silver caused inflation.This was because the Spanish economy was too rigid and Spanish aristocrats were against economic enterprise, which lead to raised prices and the loss in the value of silver. Most of the worlds silver went to China, where it further commercialism the countrys economy. The growing demand for silver in China led to only silver being used to pay taxes. The value of silver increased dramatically and people were often required to sell something in order to pay their taxes. This caused the economy to become more regionally specialized instead of expanding outwards. In the silver trade, Europeans mostly played the role of middlemen.They brought American silver to Asia, especially China, in exchange for Asian goods and spices. The spice trade was also a crucial part of the connections between Europe and Asia. Europeans wanted to set up commercial connections with Asia, especially for acquiring spices. However, they were blocked by the fact that Muslim controlled supply in the world of the highly rich and diverse Indian Ocean commerce. The Portuguese solved that problem by taking to piracy and creating a trading post empire. They set up ratified bases at key locations such as Mambas, Horror, Goat Malaria, and Macaw.Their goal was to just control commerce in the Indian Ocean through force of arms, instead of attempting to control territories or populations. This strategy allowed the Portuguese to control about half of the spice trade to Europe. The Spanish were the first to challenge Portugal control of Asian trade by establishing control of the Philippines, where they established full colonial rule and introduced forced relocation, tribute, taxes, and unpaid labor. The Dutch and the English both entered the world of Indian Ocean amerce in the early seventeenth century and soon displaced the Portuguese.They organized private trading companies to handle Indian Ocean trade, called the Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company. They each established their own trading post, but the Dutch were more focused on Indonesia, while the English company focused on India. The Dutch East India Company controlled both the shipping and the production of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace. They seized small, spice-producing islands and forced people to sell only to the Dutch, which made the Dutch ICC but destroyed the local economy.The British East India Company, on the other hand, was not as well financed or as commercially sophisticated as the Dutch, and failed to break into the Spice Islands. They did, however, establish three major trade settlements in India, Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras and gained control of the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. The slave trade was enormously significant and had substantial social effects as well as economic ones. The slave trade was a vast human tragedy that took around 1 1 million people from Africa to the Americas. The slave trade transformed the societies of all participants.Slaves became the primary source of labor for the Americas and it was largely based on plantation agriculture. The origins of the slave trade lay in the large scale sugar production of the Caribbean, which Was considered the first modern industry of the world. The work on sugar plantations was very difficult and dangerous, which made slaves ideal for the task. 80% of slaves ended up in Brazil and the Caribbean to work on sugar plantations. The slave trade was driven by European demand. Europeans rated freely with African merchants and elites, trading goods often bought with silver for the African slaves. The scale and importance of the slave trade in the Americas was enormous, which often caused the decentralization of African societies. Kingdoms, such as Kong and Oho, gradually disintegrated as a result of the slave trade. The slave trade created economic stagnation and political disruption, as those who profited from the trade did not invest in Africans production and breakthroughs were not generated in agriculture and industry. The sugar trade is the final large scale trade network that greatly effected the world.Concentrated in lowland Brazil and the Caribbean, these sugar-making colonies produced almost solely for export. Introduced by the Arabs, the colonies in Brazil and the Caribbean broke the Portuguese monopoly on sugar. The new, large-scale production of sugar transformed Brazil and the Caribbean. The labor intensive production worked best on a large scale and involved the massive use of slave labor through the slave trade. This caused much of Brazilian and Caribbean society to be of African descent and much more racial mixing than in North American colonies.The plantation concept diffused from Brazil and the Caribbean to southern parts of North America, where a sharply defined racial system evolved. The Columbian Exchange was the network of communication, migration, trade, and transfer of plants and animals. The Columbian Exchange was linked to other major trade routes, such as the slave trade, and created a new and lasting link among Africa, Europe, and the Americas. The exchange with the Americas reshaped the world economy as migrant Europeans and African slaves created new societies in the Americas.American food crops such as Ron, potatoes, and cassava spread widely throughout the Eastern Hemisphere and connected four continents together. Potatoes from the Americas allowed for enormous population growth in Europe, and corn and sweet potatoes were important in both Africa and China. The Columbian Exchange started in part because of European expansion into the Americas. Christianity also played a role in both motivating and benefiting from European expansion. The globalization of Christianity was made possible because of European imperialism, which also led to the Columbian Exchange.As shown, the Columbian Exchange and other major trade routes spanned the globe and greatly impacted societies around the world, whether it was the creation of totally new societies, as was the case in the Americas, or whether it was the evolution of existing ones, such as China. Large scale production, the diffusion of new plants and animals, the transport of millions of African slaves to the Americas, and the transformation of economies because of sugar and silver all occurred between 1450 and 1750 along the Columbian Exchange and the sla ve, sugar, silver, and spice trade routes and helped to change history.

Banning of Social Media Such as Facebook from Schools

The use of social media in learning environment is growing and becoming more popular, as students reach for new methods to maintain their social status quo and exchange information. This usage has also increased with the accessibility of mobile phones and other gadgets like tablets among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Banning of Social Media Such as Facebook from Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, the use of social media is also growing and becoming popular amongst teachers, as they explore new methods to keep communication with students or facilitate learning (Wasserman, Faust, 1994, p. 21). The effects of using social media such as Facebook and twitter are increasingly being assimilated into actions, thoughts, and relationships of individuals in the society and learning institutions; therefore, the usage of social media has numerous implications on stakeholders, in the education sector (Pearlman, Abram, 2010, p. 12). The use of social media such as Facebook in learning institutions should be banned, as it causes insomnia and lack of concentration in students. Students, who spend most time using social media, such as Facebook and twitter, find it hard to concentrate in class because of the addictive nature of the social media. Several researches on students who spent most of their time on social media indicate that they have a shorter concentration lifespan and most often than not, they are permanently distracted. A physiological research by Professor Larry Rossen, revealed that students studying something valuable to them lost concentration span within three minutes, because they were out of task, and thus social media such as Facebook should be banned from schools (Awl, 2009, p. 52). Secondly, social media such as Facebook and twitter reduce concentration in class because of their extensive multi-tasking nature associated with them. For instance, most students spend their time listening to music or sending short messages to their friends while doing their homework (Zillman Vorderer, 2000, p. 24).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most cases, students find themselves turning their attention to the music or instant texting thus making grammatical mistakes in their assignments or taking more time to finish their assignments (Vander, 2008, p. 32). Teachers find difficulties while marking assignments because of use of slang language, abbreviations, and poor flow of ideas; thus, restrictions should be put on use of social media or it must be banned altogether. Moreover, social media such as Facebook, Google chat, and twitter reduce concentration amongst students because of their time consuming nature. The time spent on social media amongst the youths averages six hours or so per day, which could be otherwise turned into productive study time. C ases of students skipping classes to watch television programs or play video games are rampant in learning institutions, thus diverting the students’ attention to studies. In spite of having some useful educational programs aired through the social media, such as television, most of the television programs, which are popular amongst the students, involve violence and sexual content. In most cases, students divert their concentration in class to imaginations and thoughts from watching dirty movies and listening to filthy music. The side effects of such programs are losing concentration in class and indiscipline cases thus the social media programs should be censored from learning institution. The use of social media such as Facebook and twitter encourages illicit relationships amongst teachers and students that lead to their reduced concentration in the class. Teachers use social media to improve their communication with the students or educate them. However, some secret onlin e communication male teachers and the female students or the vice versa may go on, which is against the professional codes of practice. Therefore, the use of social media such as Facebook in the learning institutions should be banned. Furthermore, overuse of social media hinders personal and social development of students thus reducing their concentration on group work and other learning activities (Babones, 2009, p. 12). Students who spend most of their time on social media, such as Facebook and twitter, miss out the opportunity of interacting face-to-face with other students, thus tend to have secretive lives and mal social habits.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Banning of Social Media Such as Facebook from Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, students spend most of their time allocated for games and sports on social media Facebooking, chatting, or sending instant messages, which denies them the opportunity of physical activity and relaxation of mind. Physical activity is vital in releasing fatigue and allowing free circulation of blood thus, overuse of social media by the students denies them the opportunity to rejuvenate, leading to reduced concentration in class. Moreover, most students divert their attention to computer games and video games on the social media tools that reduce their concentration on co-curricular activities in the school hence social media has no place in education and should be banned in learning institutions. Social media such as Facebook causes insomnia because of its time consuming nature. Typically, students find it useful or entertaining to know whether their fellow peers have gone to bed or not (Marmort, 2005, p. 18). Constant communication amongst the students or even individuals helps in keeping intimate relationships and sharing sleep status. In most cases, students find themselves spending long sleepless hours waiting for a phone call f rom a friend, chatting, or waiting for a short message reply. More often than not, students are forced by circumstances to change their sleep patterns in a bid to keep constant communication with their intimate friends or watch a television program or a movie. Moreover, much time is spend on social media such as Facebook and twitter to exchange information on time schedules, make comments on lectures, or even exchange assignments. In spite of some beneficial effects of the social media amongst the students, cases of insomnia are inevitable because of lack of enough sleep or disturbed sleep. Insomnia may lead to mental failure, memory loss, and poor concentration in class thus social media such as Facebook and twitter should be censored from the school (Pearlman, Abram, 2010, p. 32).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, cases of insomnia may be a result of drug abuse, which may be based on social media. Most social media programs involve violent scenes and immorality that is attributed to the use of drugs. The main actors of the scene show their prowess by use of hallucination drugs, depressants, and having multiple sexual partners (Bryant, Zillmann, 2002, p. 8). The side effects of such programs on the mass media encourage the use of drugs amongst the students. Abuse of drugs such as heroin, marijuana, and khat may cause insomnia and poor health of the ones who take them. In addition, students who are addicted to drugs and spend much time on the social media such as Facebook influence others to use the drugs or peddle them. Students with insomnia have poor concentration in the class and reduce day light activity. Moreover, insomnia leads to poor health because of reduced appetite or appetite loss, stress, and depression; therefore, social media should be banned from schools (Sparks, 201 2, p. 38). Furthermore, overuse of social media causes insomnia because of the change of sleeping patterns amongst the students. More often than not, students spend sleepless nights chatting or watching a movie. The change of the sleep patterns affects the circadian rhythm of the body that may in turn cause insomnia. However, change of sleep patterns may have beneficial effects in meeting deadlines and meeting specific personal needs such as attending early lectures. In summary, students should adhere to the sleep programs set by the schools and thus the use of social medial in learning institutions should be banned (Bryant Thompson, 2002, p. 13). In conclusion, the use of social media in learning institutions has become widespread, and the boundaries of the social networking sites continue to expand amongst teachers and students. In fact, social media such as Facebook and MySpace have improved communication amongst the teachers and students. In spite of using social media for onli ne communication in learning institutions, students are faced with challenges of reduced concentration and insomnia thus reducing their performance in school. Moreover, social media leads to poor personal and social development of the students thus reducing their concentration in their studies. While social media such as Facebook, MySpace and blogging continues to be embraced in the educational field due to technological advancement, the challenges of their use amongst students far outweigh their beneficial effects thus should be banned from schools. References Awl, D. (2009). Facebook Me! A Guide to Having Fun With Your Friends and Promoting  Your Projects on Facebook. Berkeley: Peachpit Press. Babones, S. (2009). Social inequality and Public Health. United Kingdom: The Policy Press. Bryant, J., Thompson, S. (2002). Fundamentals of Media Effects. New York: McGraw- Hill. Bryant, J., Zillmann, D. (2002). Media Effects: Theory and Research. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publ ishers. Marmort, M. (2005). The Status Syndrome:How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longeivity. New York: Henry Holt and Company. Pearlman, L., Abram, C. (2010). Facebook for Dummies. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Sparks, G. (2012). Media Effects Research:A Basic Overview. Belmont: Cengage Learning. Vander, E. (2008). The Missing Manual. Calfornia: O’Reilly Media, Inc. Wasserman, S., Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis:Methods and Application. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Zillman, D., Vorderer, P. (2000). Media Entertainment: The Psychology of Its Appeal.  United Kingdom: Taylor Francis. This essay on Banning of Social Media Such as Facebook from Schools was written and submitted by user Renata Bridges to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Image Processing and Enhancement Essay Example

Image Processing and Enhancement Essay Example Image Processing and Enhancement Essay Image Processing and Enhancement Essay Remote sensing (RS), also called earth observation, refers to obtaining information about objects or areas at the Earth? s surface without being in direct contact with the object or area. Humans accomplish this task with aid of eyes or by the sense of smell or hearing; so, remote sensing is day-today business for people.Remote sensing can be broadly defined as the collection and interpretation of information about an object, area, or event without being in physical contact with the object. Remote-sensing data play a growing role in studies of natural and semi natural environments, a role that stretches from a visual interpretation to sophisticated extraction of information by advanced image analysis and statistical algorithms. In their raw form, as received from imaging sensors mounted on satellite platforms, remotelysensed data generally contain flaws or deficiencies with respect to a particular application.To extract basic information from remotely-sensed data the flaws or deficiencies must remove or corrected. In this paper I will try to describes some important general means of image correction because it is difficult to decide what should be included under the heading of image correction, since the definition of what is, or is not, a deficiency in the data depends to a considerable extent on the use to which those data are to be put. So I will discuss the title like image Preprocessing, Digital image, image enhancement and other important titles related to Image correction and better image interpretation means.The other idea raised and discussed in this paper is the relationship between vegetation index and vegetation degradation by using remotely sensed data. 2. Function of image preprocessing and its importance for image Analysis The function of an image preprocessing is a means to applying some methods in order to correct image deficiencies and removal of flaws before using the images for other purposes. Mather and Koch (2011) stated that In their raw form, as received from imaging sensors mounted on satellite platforms, remotelys 1 a) before haze removal b) After haze removal 2 Figure 3 Haze Reduction 5 B) Sun angle correction According to Bakker and et al. (2011) stated that The position of the sun relative to the earth changes depending on time of the day and the day of the year. As a result, the image data of different seasons are acquired under different solar illumination. An absolute correction involves dividing the DN-values in the image data by the sine of the solar elevation angle. Landsat 7 ETM+ color infrared composites acquired with different sun angle. (A) The left image was acquired with a sun elevation of 37Â ° and right image. B) With a sun elevation of 42Â °. The difference in reflectance is clearly shown. (C) (B) The left image was corrected to meet the right image. Figure 4 Sun angle Correction 2. 2. Geometric Correction Geometric distortion is an error on image which occurred by one of the two possibilities either internally on the geometry of the sensor or externally the altitude of the sensor or the shape of the object. Supporting to this idea Kuznetsov and et al. (2012) describe that geometric distortion is an error on image, between the actual image coordinates and the ideal image coordinates.Geometric distortion is classified in to internal distortion resultin g from the geometry of the sensor and external distortion resulting from the altitude of the sensor or the shape of the object. 6 To correct such geometric distortion on the image we should use different geometric correction methods. Murayam and Dassanayake (2010) stated that geometric corrections include correcting for geometric distortions due to sensor-Earth geometry variations, and conversion of the data to real world coordinates (e. g. latitude and longitude) on the Earths surface.Conversion of the data to real world coordinates are carried by analyzing well distributed Ground Control Points (GCPs). This is done in two steps Geo-referencing: This involves the calculation of the appropriate transformation from image to terrain coordinates. Landsat 30m ETM+ Image Quickbird . 7m Natural Color Image Ground control points are identified between the two images in recognizable locations. These points should be static relative to temporal change. In this case road intersections are the best source of GCP’s. Features that move through time (i. e. horelines, etc. ) should be avoided if possible. Figure 5 Georeferencing Geocoding: This step involves resembling the image to obtain a new image in which all pixels are correctly positioned within the terrain coordinate system. Resampling is used to determine the digital values to place in the new pixel locations of the corrected output image. Figure 6 Geo coding 7 There are different techniques of resampling methods according Murayam and Dassanayake (2010) there is three techniques of resampling: 1. Nearest Neighborhood 2. Bi-linear interpolation 3. Cubic Convolution 1.Nearest Neighborhood According to Rees (2011) the nearest neighbor approach uses the value of the closest input pixel for the output pixel value. To determine the nearest neighbor, the algorithm uses the inverse of the transformation matrix to calculate the image file coordinates of the desired geographic coordinate. The pixel value occupying the c losest image file coordinate to the estimated coordinate will be used for the output pixel value in the geo-referenced image. This means that the nearest pixel value has more influence than apart pixel. Figure7.Nearest Neighborhood ADVANTAGES: Output values are the original input values. Other methods of resampling tend to average surrounding values. This may be an important consideration when discriminating between vegetation types or locating boundaries. Since original data are retained, this method is recommended before classification. Easy to compute and therefore fastest to use. DISADVANTAGES: Produces a choppy, stair-stepped effect. The image has a rough appearance relative to the original un-rectified data. Data values may be lost, while other values may be duplicated.Figure 1 shows an input file (orange) with a yellow output file superimposed. Input values closest to the center of each output cell are sent to the output file to the right. Notice that values 13 and 22 ar e lost while values 14 and 24 are duplicated. 8 2. Bi-linear interpolation The bilinear interpolation approach uses the weighted average of the nearest four pixels to the output pixel. Figure8. Bi-linear interpolation ADVANTAGES: Stair-step effect caused by the nearest neighbor approach is reduced. Image looks smooth. DISADVANTAGES: Alters original data and reduces contrast by averaging neighboring values together. Is computationally more expensive than nearest neighbor. 3. Cubic Convolution The cubic convolution approach uses the weighted average of the nearest sixteen pixels to the output pixel. The output is similar to bilinear interpolation, but the smoothing effect caused by the averaging of surrounding input pixel values is more dramatic. Figure9. Cubic Convolution ADVANTAGES: Stair-step effect caused by the nearest neighbor approach is reduced. Image looks smooth. DISADVANTAGES: Alters original data and reduces contrast by averaging neighboring values together. Is computa tionally more expensive than nearest neighbor or bilinear interpolation. In general image preprocessing is very essential step for better image analysis and interpretation because it corrects different types of image distortion. 9 Similar to this idea Murayam and Dassanayake (2010) stated that preprocessing includes data operation which normally precedes further manipulation and analysis of the image data to extract specific information. These operations aim to correct distorted or degraded image data to create a more faithful representation of the original scene. . Digital Image Formats and Its Arrangement According to Visual Resource Centre School of Humanities (2011) Digital images are electronic representations of images that are stored on a computer. The most important thing to understand about digital images is that you can? t see them and they don? t have any physical size until they are displayed on a screen or printed on paper. Until that point, they are just a collection o f numbers on the computer? s hard drive that describe the individual elements of a picture and how they are arranged.These elements are called pixel and they are arranged in a grid format with each pixel containing information about its color or intensity. Most of the time Band interleaved by line (BIL), band interleaved by pixel (BIP), and band sequential (BSQ) take as image digital format but this is not true rather they are schemes for storing the actual pixel values of an image in a file. Figure 10 Digital Data Format 10 According to ESRI resource center there are three common image digital formats these are Band interleaved by line (BIL), band interleaved by pixel BIP), and band sequential (BSQ) are three common methods of organizing image data for multiband images. BIL, BIP, and BSQ are not in themselves image formats but are schemes for storing the actual pixel values of an image in a file. While Visual Resource Centre School of Humanities (2010) there are four main file form ats for images: TIFF, JPEG, PNG and GIF. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) Description: TIFF images are usually used for master image files. They contain image information in a lossless format (i. e. no image information is lost when images are saved) and so tend to be fairly large in size.They are therefore a good format for archiving images, but the large file size makes it an unsuitable format for use in web delivery or in presentation software, such as PowerPoint. Good for: master copies of images as all image information is retained when files are saved (lossless format). But: file sizes tend to be large due to lossless format, so TIFF files are not suitable for web delivery or inclusion in PowerPoint presentations. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) Description: This is the main format that is used for photographic-type images on the web.It is a „lossy? format: images are compressed when saved and so image information is lost each time the image is edited and saved. T he benefit of compression is a reduction in file size, but the down side is that if too much compression is applied, visible artefacts such as highlighting around areas of high contrast may occur. The following images show the effects on quality and file size of differing levels of compression on the same JPEG image notice the blurring around the edges of the statue in the final image.Good for: web delivery of photographic images due to ability to compress images without too much loss of quality, therefore giving smaller file sizes than TIFF formats. But: too much compression can lead to a loss of quality so care needs to be taken with the quality setting used when saving images. GIF (Graphical Interchange Format) 11 Description: Another format encountered on the Internet, the GIF format is usually used for icons or graphics that contain a limited range of flat colors. It is a lossless format (no information is lost when saving), but as limited color capabilities and so is not suit able for displaying photographs. Good for: web delivery of icons and graphics due to small file size and lossless format. But: supports limited range of colors, so is only suitable for certain types of images. PNG (Portable network graphics) Description: PNG is a relatively new web graphics format, designed primarily to replace the GIF format for use on the Internet, and potentially rival TIFF in the long term as an archival format due to its better compression performance.Its main advantages over GIF are an improved lossless compression method and support for „true color. Although software support for the PNG format has been slow in developing, this is now beginning to change and it may become a more common format in the future. Good for: web delivery due to lossless compression technique resulting in files of small size but high quality. But: JPEG format gives better results for photographic images, and older web browsers and programs may not support the PNG format. 4. Purpo se of image enhancement and Method of Image Enhancement 4. 1.Purpose of Image Enhancement The purpose of image enhancement is forming good contrast to visualize images in a better way in order to understand or extract the intended information from the image. Similarly Vij and singh (2008) discussed Image enhancement is a mean as the improvement of an image appearance by increasing dominance of some features or by decreasing ambiguity between different regions of the image. Image enhancement processes consist of a collection of techniques that seek to improve the visual appearance of an image or to convert the image to a form better suited for analysis by a human or machine.The other writers Shankar Ray (2011) also describe, Image enhancement is the modification of image, by changing the pixel brightness values, to improve its visual impact. Image enhancement techniques are performed by deriving the new brightness value for a pixel either from its existing value or from the brightnes s values of a set of surrounding pixels. 12 4. 2. Method of Image Enhancement According to Department of US Army (2003) method of image enhancement classified in to four these are 1) Contrast enhancement 2) band ratio 3) spatial filtering and 4) principle components.The type of enhancement performed will depend on the appearance of the original scene and the goal of the interpretation. This indicate that performing all methods of enhancement for one image may not be necessary and selection of methods are vary depending on for what purpose the image is prepared or what type of information is extracted from the image. 1) Contrast enhancement-such types of enhancement mostly occur to increase the brightness of the image by changing the DN Values of the image. According to Al-amri (2011) one of the most important quality factors in satellite images comes from its contrast.Contrast enhancement is frequently referred to as one of the most important issues in image processing. Contrast str etching is an enhancement method performed on an image for locally adjusting each picture element value to improve the visualization of structures in both darkest and lightest portions of the image at the same time. Of course there are different techniques of image contrast enhancement like Liner contrast, histogram equalization, histogram stretch and the like but the mean idea is discussed on above even though there is slight difference performing each techniques.Before contrast enhancement Figure 11 Contrast Enhancement 13 After contrast enhancement 2) Band ratio-using contrast techniques help to enhance the images with related to brightness problems but this technique cannot solve problems like shadowiness and the like such image enhancement is takes place by using band ratio techniques. According to Department of US Army (2003) stated that Band ratio is commonly used band arithmetic method in which one spectral band is proportional with another spectral band.This simple method r educes the effect of shadowing caused by topography, highlights particular image elements, and accentuates temporal differences. 3) Spatial filtering –this types of enhancement is very important to avoid over exaggerated details for specific place in the image. Murayam and Dassanayake (2010) describe spatial filtering as spatial filter is designed to emphasize larger, homogeneous areas of similar tone and reduce the smaller detail in an image, this serve to smooth the appearance of an image. Low pass filters are very useful for reducing random noise.It is occasionally advantageous to reduce the detail and exaggerated particular features in an image 4) Principal components- According to Department of US Army (2003) the principal component analysis (PCA) is a technique that transform the pixel brightness values. These transformations compress the data by drawing out maximum covariance and remove correlated elements. The other writer Rees (2001) also stated that the principal co mponents of a multiband image are the set of linear combination of the bands that are both independent of and also uncorrelated with, one another. . Purpose of image Transformation and Method of Image Transformation 5. 1. Purpose of image Transformation Image transformation is a means to re-express an image in a different manner which means it gives a chance to Cooke in good way. According to UNEP (2005) The Term: Transform means arithmetic operator It is all arithmetic operations that allow the generation of a new composite image from 1 or 2 or more bands of a multi-spectral, multi-temporal, multi-frequencies (wavelengths), multi-polarization, multi-incidence angle images.The resulting image may have properties which makes it suitable to particular purpose than the original. 14 1) New Information extraction from the exited data like Change detection, vegetation info, geological info 2. Data dimensionality reduction storage efficiency processing efficiency reduce the # of bands and reduce time 3. Produce more physically relevant spectral feature space Similarly Mather and Koch (2011) discussed an image transform is an operation that reexpresses in a different, and possibly more meaningful, form all or part of the information content of a multispectral or grey scale image.From the above idea we can understand that by applying image transformation with different transformation techniques we can extract new information with best visualization and minimum storage. 5. 2. Method of Image Transformation Different writers classified method of image transformation differently because of their purpose study for this paper I choose UNEP (2005) Method of image transformation. According to UNEP(2005) Method Image transformation can be classified into 6 these are 1. Simple Arithmetic Operations 2. Empirically-Based Image Transformation 3.Principal Component Analysis 4. Multiple Discriminant Analysis 5. Hue, Saturation and Intensity (HIS) 6. Fourier Transformation 1. Simple Arithmetic Operations Applying one of arithmetic operation among Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division to perform simple transformation. They performed on 2 or more co-registered images of the same geographical area. The images could be separate spectral bands from single MSS or TM data set or they may be individual band s from data sets that have been imaged at different dates. 1. Image Addition If multiple images of a given region are available for approximately the same date and if part of one of the images has some noise (spectral problem, haze, fog, cloud), then that part can be compensated from the other images available. 15 1. 2 Image Subtraction: To assess the degree of change in an area, two dates of coo-registered images can be used with subtraction operation. October 1988 Figure 12. Change Detection 1. 3 Image Multiplication: May 1992 If the analyst is interested in a part of an image, then extracting that area can be done by multiplying the area by 1 and t he rest by 0.This applied only when the boundary of the area of interest is irregular. 1. 4 Image Division: Image Ratio: Dividing the pixels in one image by the corresponding pixels in a second image. Most commonly used transformation. It is very important transformation techniques because ? ? Certain aspect of the shape of spectral reflectance curves of the different earth surface cover types can be brought out by ratio. Undesirable effects on the recorded images such as the effect of variable illumination resulting from variation in topography can be reduced by ratio. . Empirically-Based Image Transformation Experience with Landsat MSS data for agriculture areas and with the difficulties encountered in the use of ratio transformed and Principal Component, led to the development of Image Transformation that was based on the OBSERVATIONS: 16 2. 1 Perpendicular Vegetation Index PVI A plot of reflectance measured in the visible red band against reflectance in the Near IR for a partly vegetated area will results in a plot like and use soil line for calculating vegetation distance from the line two-dimension space. . 2 Tasseled Cap Transformation PVI considers spectral variation in two of the 4 Landsat MSS bands and use distance from a soil line in the two-dimension space defined by these two MSS bands a a measure of biomass of green leaf area. 3. Principal Component Analysis PCA Adjacent bands in Multi-spectral Scanner remotely sensed data (images) are generally correlated. Multi-band visible/NIR images of vegetated areas show negative correlation between NIR and visible red bands, and positive correlation among the visible bands Green and Red.This is because of the spectral characteristics of vegetation are such that as vigor or greenness of the vegetation increase the red reflectance diminishes and NIR increases. The presence of correlation among the bands of the optical reflected MSS images implies that there is REDUNDENCY in the data. This means that some inf ormation is being repeated. It is the repetition of the information between bands that is reflected in the correlation. Principal component analysis helps to remove such redundancy through compress the data by drawing out maximum covariance and remove correlated elements. 4.Multiple Discriminant Analysis Image transformation using linear function called discriminant function. It represents the coordinate axes in the dimensional space that defined by the spectral bands which making up the data. As in PCA the relationship between the spectral bands and the discriminant functions axis derived and the coordinates of the individual pixel vector computed in terms of discriminant function. A simple example: if you have two groups of land with special reflectance that can be discriminated on the basis of the measurement in the dimensional space or in the coordinate axis.Some scientist thinks that this transformation made for special assignment. But despite of that it is found very useful it those special cases where you cannot find solution for them unless using this transformation. 5. Hue, Saturation and Intensity (HIS) Hue: angular variable of the direction of colors Saturation: lightness of the color (toward white) 0-255 scale the amount of white in the color Intensity: color strength 17 I = R+G+B H= (G – B)/I 3B S= (I – 3B)/ I 6. Fourier Transformation All five transformations discussed, they were using multidimensional space (multi-band) of remotely sensed data.Fourier Transformation using single band. The main idea of this transformation is that it uses the gray scale value, which forming a single image or single band, can be viewed as 3-D surface. The raw and column (X,Y) or spatial coordinates defining two axis (X,Y) and the gray scale 0255 value at each pixel giving the 3rd dimension. Therefore, the resulting image or product will show the frequency of certain feature all around the image. So it is a kind of histogram of the image in 3-D. 6. Ve getation index and relation with vegetation degradation 6. What is Vegetation Index? According to Jackson and huete (1991) Vegetation index is calculating of spectral band of data by combining two or more spectral bands of data. Vegetation indices are formed from combinations of several spectral values that are mathematically recombined in such a way as to yield a single value indicating the amount or vigor of vegetation within a pixel . Campbell, (1996) cited in Freitas and et. al (2005). 6. 2 Vegetation index and degradation –the best method of vegetation index is NDVI which is a normalized vegetation index .It a good means to assess the amount of greenness an area in th inverse NDVI indicates the level of degradation of an area. For example Take Bahirdar image in 1990 winter season and calculate the NDVI value and get a result of 0. 7 and after 10 years in2000 take another image of the same season and calculate the NDVI value and get a result of 0. 2. These indicates that in 1990 Bahirdar was covered by green vegetation while the 2000 image show that most of the areas covered by vegetation is degraded and covered by rocks.If the NDVI value approaches to1 the area has good vegetation cover, if the NDVI value approaches to 0 the area has less vegetation which means the area is covered by rocks and if the NDVI value is negative the area has no vegetation rather the area is covered by snow. 18 7 Digital image classification 7. 1 What is Digital Image

International business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International business - Research Paper Example The analysis has been done in terms of the nations’ political and economic climate, their methods of marketing and distribution and also the labor climate in the two countries. Economic and political climate for foreign business Singapore has an extremely successful and developed free market economy. It also offers a corruption free and open environment where prices remain stable and the per capita GDP growth also remain high in comparison to other developed nations. The economy’s high dependence on exports of products like electronic and information technology products, pharmaceutical and growth in financial services make it a popular place for conducting business. The nation has demonstrated a GDP growth of 7.1% between the years 2004 and 2007 (CIA, â€Å"Economy - overview:†). On the other hand Hong Kong also demonstrates a free market economy which depends highly on international finance and trade. The nation’s open economy was however greatly affected by the global economic recession which makes it a less popular place, in comparison to Singapore for doing business. The residents of Hong Kong can establish RMB denominated savings accounts, the RMB denominated corporate, and the Chinese government bonds have also been issued in the nation. Moreover, the RMB trade settlement has also been allowed in Hong Kong. The nation has a GDP growth rate of 3.8% between 1989 and 2010, however the growth gradually slowed down in the year 2009 (CIA-a, â€Å"Economy - overview:†). It is apparent that the higher GDP growth of Singapore in comparison to Hong Kong coupled with a free market economy makes it more popular for conducting business operations. Also the nation’s growth in the financial sector and high dependence on trade and finance compliments the same. Methods for marketing and distribution With improvement of the Singapore economy there has been an increasing amount of affluent consumers who are able and willing to spend and consume more. In addition to this a number of new shopping malls like the VivoCity, Ang Mo Kio Hub and Central have emerged which have further added stimulus to the retail sector since 2007. The existing shopping malls like Centrepoint, White Sands and Tampines Mall have also been revamped, with the new extensions established to accommodate more number of retailers for remaining competitive. The inflows of new retailers in the selling spaces have further attracted more consumers who have been increasingly visiting them. This had boosted their growth further in 2007 (Laposte, â€Å"Singapore†). There are two different categories of consumers in the country Hong Kong. There are the local consumers, who account for 6.5 million numbers, while on the other hand the tourists, who are avid lovers of the luxury items. The tourism sector generates greater than ten billion USD of income every year. It must be noted that tourists who come for shopping in Hong Kong are primarily Chi nese from Mainland. The distribution network comprises of many medium and small family-type enterprises which try to remain in groups. The larger stores like the Lane Crawford, Sogo or display a very upscale image while the supermarkets and the neighboring stores like Wing on, Jusco and Sincere remain more profitable for making bulk products. The second market is more dominated by duopoly by Wellcome and Park'n shop. Hong Kong also has a number of discount stores

Talent Management Strategy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Talent Management Strategy - Term Paper Example Conversely, it is through courtesy of proper talent management strategies that organizations have sprang from small corporate fledglings, to reputable multinationals. The blueprints of proper talent management may be seen in the ensuing discourse. Introduction The organization in point is a profit-making business entity which deals in food and beverages. The organization is still in the process of growth and development as it comprises 200 employees, of which 20 are identified as leaders and may be called Swift Foods Ltd. In itself, talent management denotes the anticipation of essential human capital that an organization may need at a given time, then setting a plan and then carrying out that that plan to meet organizational needs. So sacrosanct is talent management in aiming at specific performance target that it has become the science of employing strategic human resources [HR] to strengthen organizational value and to help the organization reach its value. Determining the Key Com ponents of Talent Management, Including Identifying, Assessing, and Developing Talent There are several components of talent management. The first component involves identification. ... Apart from academic credentials, Swift Foods Ltd may use overall individual performance of the potential recruit in the interview, experience and letters of recommendation, among others. Academic credentials for instance will help Swift Foods Ltd ascertain formal skills and expertise an individual candidate possesses, in light of the office to be filled, while experience will help the organization determine the degree of the candidate's ability to perform. Testimonials for instance will help ascertain the behavioral predisposition that a given candidate possesses, in relation to the role that he is to discharge. All these factors will be important in identifying talent since talent is an element compounded by other desirable attributes such as personal traits, skills and abilities. The second component of talent management is the assessment of talent. This involves, setting performance target for an employee and then analyzing his actual performance against the already-set target. It is from this juncture that measures may be taken to uphold and enhance the talent that is extant and to inculcate upon the employee, new talents that are desired in the organization. To develop talent, there are several strategies and approaches that may successfully apply. Swift Foods Ltd can use the compensation management system, where it maintains competitive remunerations while managing payroll costs, total compensation, compensation for planning and awarding and pay-for-performance arrangements. Going by the recommendations that Fayol (2010) makes, the organization can also use global human resources that help maintain and manage core elements of the global workforce- county-specific attributes also included. Swift Foods Ltd may